Peptic Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

 



Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. These ulcers can cause abdominal discomfort and may lead to complications if left untreated. Consulting a gastroenterologist can help identify the underlying cause and determine an appropriate treatment plan.

What Causes Peptic Ulcers?

Peptic ulcers commonly develop due to two main factors:

  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: This bacterium can damage the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum, allowing acid to cause sores.

  • Frequent use of certain painkillers: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin, can weaken the stomach's protective lining, increasing ulcer risk.

Smoking and certain other factors may affect healing and increase complications. Contrary to a common misconception, spicy foods and stress do not usually cause peptic ulcers, although they may worsen symptoms in some people.

Common Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers

Symptoms can vary from person to person. Some individuals may experience no noticeable symptoms until complications develop. Common signs include:

  • Burning or aching pain in the upper abdomen

  • Stomach discomfort between meals or during the night

  • Bloating and excessive belching

  • Nausea or an upset stomach

  • Feeling full quickly

  • Reduced appetite

The timing of pain in relation to meals varies, so symptoms alone cannot confirm an ulcer. Medical evaluation is important when discomfort persists or repeatedly returns.

How Are Peptic Ulcers Diagnosed?

A gastroenterologist evaluates symptoms, medical history, and medication use before recommending suitable investigations. Testing may include:

  • H. pylori testing: A breath test, stool test, or other appropriate investigation can identify the infection.

  • Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera allows the specialist to examine the upper digestive tract and, when necessary, collect tissue samples.

  • Additional tests: Depending on the symptoms and clinical findings, blood tests or other investigations may be recommended.

The choice of test depends on the person's age, symptoms, medical history, and potential risk factors.

Treatment Options for Peptic Ulcers

Treatment focuses on healing the ulcer, relieving symptoms, and addressing its underlying cause.

1. Acid-reducing medicines

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce stomach acid, helping the ulcer heal. A healthcare professional can determine the appropriate medicine and treatment duration.

2. H. pylori eradication

If testing confirms an H. pylori infection, treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and acid-suppressing medication. Completing the prescribed course is essential. Follow-up testing is generally recommended to confirm that the infection has cleared.

3. Reviewing painkiller use

If NSAIDs are contributing to the ulcer, a healthcare professional may recommend stopping them, reducing their use, or choosing an alternative when appropriate. Do not stop prescribed aspirin or other essential medication without medical advice.

4. Lifestyle adjustments

Eating balanced meals, avoiding individual food triggers, limiting alcohol, and stopping smoking may support recovery. These changes complement medical treatment but do not replace it.

Possible Complications of Untreated Ulcers

Untreated peptic ulcers can sometimes cause serious complications, including internal bleeding, perforation of the digestive tract, or blockage that prevents food from passing normally. Warning signs include vomiting blood, black and tarry stools, sudden severe abdominal pain, or fainting. These symptoms require immediate emergency medical attention.

When Should You Consult a Gastroenterologist?

Seek medical advice if you experience recurring upper abdominal pain, persistent indigestion, unexplained nausea, or symptoms that do not improve. A gastroenterologist can help determine whether an ulcer or another digestive condition is responsible and recommend appropriate treatment.

People with persistent symptoms, a history of ulcers, or regular NSAID use may need individualized assessment. Early diagnosis can help reduce the risk of complications and support effective recovery.

Conclusion

Peptic ulcers are treatable conditions, but successful management depends on identifying their cause and following the recommended treatment plan. Recognizing symptoms, testing for H. pylori when appropriate, reviewing medication use, and seeking timely specialist care can make a significant difference. If digestive discomfort keeps returning, consulting a gastroenterologist is an important step toward protecting your digestive health.

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